Scale Construction and Validation for IIM, Kolkata

Things are going to happen much faster in the future and only those who will keep up with the fast pace will stay alive in the 21st century. -Alvin Toffler

• Questionnaire provides in-depth information about social cognition. It gives us knowledge with much consistency about specific dimensions on which individual in society perceives the social change. 
• Business goals are based on both closed and open system. Success lies on perception and efficacy of business units . Questionnaire provides knowledge about it.
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Advance Diploma OF PATC

PSYCHOTHERAPY; Psycho represents psychological principles and techniques. Therapy refers to treatment. In a word Psychotherapy refers to treatment of psychiatric disorders following principles, postulates, techniques and tools of Psychology.
Broadly Psychotherapy can be classified from two perspectives - size and time. From size, individual and group therapy and from time perspective, it is short and long term therapy. Usually, short term therapy is limited within 10 therapeutic sessions.
There are different types of therapy as Client-centered therapy, transactional, cognitive, cognitive behavour and Rabindrik Psychotherapy.
Client-centered therapy: The goal of CCT is to provide clients with an opportunity to develop a sense of self where they can realize how their attitudes, feelings and behavior are being negatively affected. Other names are Person-centered therapy, person-centered psychotherapy, person-centered counseling, client-centered therapy and Rogerian psychotherapy. It is a form of talk-psychotherapy developed by psychologist Carl Rogers in the 1940s and 1950s.
Transactional analysis is a theory in psychology that examines the interactions, or 'transactions', between a person and other people. The underlying precept is that humans are social creatures and that a person is a multi-faceted being that changes when in contact with another person in their world. Canadian-born US psychiatrist Eric Berne developed the concept and paradigm of TA in the late 1950s.



Cognitive therapy: It is based on the cognitive model, which states that thoughts, feelings and behavior are all connected, and that individuals can move toward overcoming difficulties and meeting their goals by identifying and changing unhelpful or inaccurate thinking, problematic behavior, and distressing emotional responses. This involves the individual working collaboratively with the therapist to develop skills for testing and modifying beliefs, identifying distorted thinking, relating to others in different ways, and changing behaviors.
Therapy may consist of testing the assumptions which one makes and looking for new information that could help shift the assumptions in a way that leads to different emotional or behavioral reactions. Change may begin by targeting thoughts (to change emotion and behavior), behavior (to change feelings and thoughts), or the individual's goals (by identifying thoughts, feelings or behavior that conflict with the goals). Beck initially focused on depression and developed a list of "errors" in thinking that he proposed could maintain depression, including arbitrary inference, selective abstraction, over-generalization, and magnification (of negatives) and minimization (of positives).
Cognitive behavour therapy: Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is a short-term psychotherapy works to solve current problems and change unhelpful thinking and behavior.The name refers to behavior therapy, cognitive therapy, and therapy based upon a combination of basic behavioral and cognitive principles.Most therapists working with patients dealing with anxiety and depression use a blend of cognitive and behavioral therapy. This technique acknowledges that there may be behaviors that cannot be controlled through rational thought, but rather emerge based on prior conditioning from the environment and other external and/or internal stimuli. CBT is "problem focused" (undertaken for specific problems) and "action oriented" (therapist tries to assist the client in selecting specific strategies to help address those problems),or directive in its therapeutic approach.

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