APPROACH
What is peace ?
Peace is the equilibrium state across layers of consciousness. This definition is limited to consciousness of individual and group.
What is equilibrium ?
A state in which opposing forces or influences are balanced. Our consciousness is filled with opposing forces. Disequilibrium occurs when the opposing forces over power others. After disequilibrium resilience occurs to maintain equilibrium.
PEACE IN CONSCIOUSNESS: RABINDRIK PSYCHOTHERAPY APPROACH
What is Peace?
Peace is when people are able to resolve their conflicts without violence and can work together to improve the quality of their lives. Peace is when everyone lives in safety, without fear or threat of violence, and no form of violence is tolerated in law or in practice.
PEACE PSYCHOLOGY
Peace Psychology is a subfield of Psychology and Peace Research that deals with the psychological aspects of peace, conflict, violence, and war. Peace psychology can be characterized by four interconnected pillars: (1) research, (2) education, (3) practice, and (4) advocacy.
UNIT OF ANALYSIS
Peace psychology research focuses on peace in individual and group levels. Peace research in group level assumes that
peace is not merely the absence of personal (direct) violence and war (= negative peace), but also the absence of structural (indirect) and cultural violence (= positive peace).
STRUCTURAL VIOLENCE
Structural violence means
deprivation of a group's political participation or access to professional employment.
Direct violence refers to events that harm or kill individuals or groups as contrasted with structural violence which is manifest in social inequalities. In structural violence, hierarchical relations within and between societies privilege those who are on top while oppressing, exploiting and dominating those who occupy the bottom. Like direct violence, structural violence also kills people but does so slowly, by depriving people of basic necessities. There are important psychological reasons why people tolerate and rationalize structural violence and we identify some of these reasons in this volume. We examine structural violence within societies but also include in our analysis the problem of militarization, which contributes to structural violence globally, most often depriving those with the fewest resources, usually women, children and indigenous people.
Cultural violence refers to aspects of a culture that can be used to justify or legitimize direct or structural violence, and may be exemplified by religion and ideology, language and art, empirical science and culture.
PEACE PSYCHOLOGY
A. To Freud, peace is rooted from two instincts –eros and thanatos. Eros leads to peace motivation and thanatos inhibits it.
B. William James: Morton Deutsch (1995) referred to William James as the first peace psychologist in an article that appeared in the first issue of Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology.
C.1986, Ralph K. White published an important volume on "Psychology and the Prevention of Nuclear War" which helped identify some of the content of peace psychology. The destructive consequences of mutual enemy images was focal in the book and approaches to peace emphasized tension reduction strategies.
D. In 1990, institutional support was forthcoming when the American Psychological Association recognized a new division, the Division of Peace Psychology (Division 48).
E.Peace, Conflict, and Violence: Peace Psychology for the 21st Century" edited by D. Christie, R. Wagner, and D. Winter (2001) is now available from Prentice Hall.
DANIEL J. CHRISTIE is Professor of Psychology at Ohio State University. He is a former president of the Division of Peace Psychology of the American Psychological Association, and serves on the editorial board of its journal. His research explores children's perceptions of violence, models of intercultural sensitivity, and structural peacebuilding. He teaches courses in psychology and international studies at the OSU Marion campus, has served as president of Psychologists for Social Responsibility, and does applied work on local and international programs that enhance the educational and economic opportunities of minority and indigenous ethnic groups.
PEACE IN CONSCIOUSNESS : CURRENT STUDY
Consciousness is awareness of present environment or surroundings. Consciousness has three layers- Murto, Raag and Saraswat. Murto layer includes ability to sense, perceive;Raag layer includes ability to feel, to learn, to think, to memorize. Saraswat layer includes ability to harmonize self and environment. The harmony provides peace.
Advocates of Peace psychology focus on the psychological aspects of the formation, escalation, reduction, and resolution of conflicts in society at large. To Freud, peace is rooted from two instincts –eros and thanatos. Eros leads to peace motivation and thanatos inhibits it. Throughout history, above and beyond the fray of competing political parties or rival economic powers, differences in race, gender, ethnicity, language, one constant force has remained: the enduring strength of human values. No matter who we are, or where we come from, we seek to find fulfilment and peace in life. Values on peace are our road markers. Value is "an enduring belief that a specific mode of conduct or end state of existence is personally or socially preferable to an opposite or converse mode of conduct or end state of existence". (Rokeach, 1973). One value creates conflict with other values.
This suggests presence of desirable and undesirable values. Hofstede (2010) has noted differences in desirable and undesirable value preference by cultures. Noble Laurate, Rabindranath Tagore, suggested universal values in the songs. By analysis of his songs, three layers of consciousness – murta (objectivism), raag (emotion) and saraswat (the harmony with surroundings and the peace) are observed. This paper will focus on how the word 'Peace' flows across layers of consciousness and how it resolves the conflict by Rabindrik Psychotherapy. Rabindrik psychotherapy refers to the way of self-awakening with therapeutic postulates extracted from the literary works of Rabindranath Tagore. It is the paradigm shift in changing disequilibrium state of consciousness through self-awakening. It is not mere understanding own ability, personality traits etc. It is the awakening of self. When individual is able to awaken the self, he becomes independent to make own decision. So there will be total independence and feeling of freedom. Rabindrik psychotherapy is free from labeling. It gives emphasis on performing arts therapy to reconstruct the cognition when there is any cognitive dysfunction. In Rabindrik psychotherapy, psychotherapist facilitates the environment and client him or her self can customize the situation through Rabindrik performing arts. In Rabindrik psychotherapy client never labels him or herself and can not think how he or she is recovered.Rabindrik psychotherapy assumes that consciousness is composed of three layers - Murta, Raag and Saraswat. Attention, sensation, perception are adversely affected when murta layer is deformed or disoriented. Feelings and emotions affect our cognitions in Raag layer. Saraswat layer minimizes errors in cognition, emotion and strengthens harmony with environment. Saraswat layer provides feeling of peace, and negative entropy. The layers are dynamic. Dynamicity is determined by the changes in the physical environment or in the psychological field. Any change causes vibration and vibration starts to move across layers. Impact of vibration on consciousness depends on the strength, duration, properties of vibrating agents, resiliency, and acceptability of consciousness. Rabindrik therapist customizes dynamicity in the consciousness through positive vibration followed by consciousness diagnostics. Rabindrik psychotherapist must be proficient with (a) consciousness layer dynamics, (b) therapeutic postulates, (c) customization and precautions in therapy. This paper will focus on these three things with case studies.
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